The University of Macau (UM) is a firm supporter of the Chinese medicine industry, a sector essential to the moderate diversification of Macao\u2019s economy. UM is home to the State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (SKL\u2011QRCM), China\u2019s first\u2011ever state key laboratory in Chinese medicine. Over the years, the laboratory has made impressive progress in forging business partnerships, nurturing talent, creating platforms for international cooperation, and pushing forward the standardisation and internationalisation of Chinese medicine. Moreover, the laboratory has established quality standards for a dozen Chinese medicinal plants for authoritative publications such as European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.), United States Pharmacopeia (USP), and Chinese Pharmacopoeia (ChP), in order to create favourable conditions for Chinese medicine to succeed in the international market.<\/p>
Promoting Chinese Medicine on the World Stage<\/p>
In 2019, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council unveiled the Outline of the Development Plan for the Guangdong\u2011Hong Kong\u2011Macao Greater Bay Area. The document pledges support for Macao to leverage the advantages of the SKL\u2011QRCM, to establish an internationally recognised reference standard for Chinese medicine products, and to promote the standardisation and internationalisation of Chinese medicine.<\/p>
SKL\u2011QRCM Director Prof Wang Yitao, who joined UM in 2002, is committed to the modernisation, commercialisation, and internationalisation of Chinese medicine. \u2018For Chinese medicine to go global, it is necessary to establish internationally recognised quality standards,\u2019 says Prof Wang. \u2018At UM, we are working with domestic and overseas partners to create such standards and to make them internationally recognised.\u2019 He adds that his laboratory has established joint laboratories with all three regulatory bodies in the US, Europe, and China, namely the United States Pharmacopoeia Convention (USPC), the European Pharmacopoeia Commission (Ph. Eur. Commission), and the Chinese National Institutes for Food and Drug Control. The joint laboratories focus on creating standards for the USP, the Ph. Eur., and the ChP. <\/p>
Standards for Chinese Herbs in the USP<\/p>
A pharmacopoeia is a legally binding collection of standards and specifications for medicines. Not only is the USP document considered a national standard for drugs and dietary supplements in the US, it is also used in over 140 countries and regions in the world. In 2012, the SKL\u2011QRCM signed an agreement with the USPC to establish a joint laboratory that tackles challenges in the development of international quality standards for Chinese medicines, making UM the first higher education institution to establish a joint laboratory with USPC. Both institutions have researched and established standards for Panax notoginseng (Sanqi), Lycium barbarum (Goji), Cordyceps militaris, powders of fermented Cordyceps sinensis, Galangal, Dendrobium officinale, Pogostemon cablin, Gastrodia elata, and other herbs. The USP currently contains the standards for 42 Chinese medicinal herbs. <\/p>
SKL-QRCM Deputy Director Li Shaoping, who is a Distinguished Professor at UM\u2019s Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), specialises in quality control and active ingredient research. As a world-renowned scholar in pharmaceutical analysis, Prof Li has served on the Herbal Medicines Compendium \u2013 East Asia Expert Panel of the USPC since 2021. Prof Li has entered the list of the top 100 analytical scientists in the world for two consecutive years since 2020. He is also the first expert in quality control of Chinese medicine to enter the list since its publication in 2013.<\/p>
For quality control in Chinese medicine, Prof Li\u2019s team has proposed practical strategies that meet international quality standards. Among their achievements are efficient and practical methods for evaluating the standards for Panax notoginseng, as well as six quality standards for the USP Herbal Medicines Compendium and the USP Dietary Supplements Compendium.<\/p>
Prof Li says it is more challenging to establish quality standards for Chinese medicine than for western medicine because the former usually comprise hundreds of natural compounds. For example, the Chinese herbal medicine Panax notoginseng contains saponins, which are naturally occurring compounds that can dispel blood stasis. Therefore, the ChP lists saponins as one of the quality indicators for Panax notoginseng. According to Prof Li, it is also used to stop bleeding because it contains an active ingredient known as \u2018dencichine\u2019. \u2018For the same Chinese herbal medicine, there should be different quality indicators for different clinical purposes,\u2019 says Prof Li. \u2018For example, we proposed including dencichine as a quality indicator for Panax notoginseng for the USP, but some experts were against this idea. However, we persisted and presented evidence from clinical practices. In the end, we convinced the opponents that both dencichine and saponins should be listed as quality indicators.\u2019<\/p>
Prof Li adds, \u2018President Xi Jinping has pointed out that whoever sets the standards has a bigger say, and whoever controls the standards occupies a strategic vantage point. So I believe it is vital to take the initiative to establish standards for chinese medicine for the USP.\u2019<\/p>
A \u2018European Visa\u2019 for Chinese Medicine<\/p>
The Ph. Eur. is the most important reference for quality control of medicines in Europe, and is legally binding in 39 European countries. In 2008, the Ph. Eur. Commission established a working party on TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine). The Pharmacopeia now includes quality standards for over 80 Chinese herbal medicines, such as Acanthopanacis gracilistyli cortex, Akebiae caulis mutong, and Angelicae sinensis radix, which accounts for about one\u2011third of all herbs included. <\/p>
ICMS Assistant Professor Chen Xiaojia is devoted to quality analysis of Chinese herbal medicine, in addition to creating international standards for such herbs. Her team has established the European standards for Ophiopogonis radix. Prof Chen says that the principles of TCM and Western medicine are vastly different. She adds that the two systems will not be able to interact with each other if there are no quality standards for medicines. \u2018The standards we established for Chinese herbal medicine are essentially their \u201cvisa\u201d to Europe. The standards will allow people in Europe to understand Chinese medicine, and will make high\u2011quality Chinese herbal medicine more accessible across the continent.\u2019<\/p>
In 2015, Prof Chen\u2019s team began to establish the quality standards for Ophiopogonis radix for Ph. Eur., and completed the project in 2019. In the beginning, the team established the standards for identification of the Chinese herbal medicine by comparing adulterated products with genuine ones using thin\u2011layer chromatography. They then used high\u2011performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet\u2013visible spectroscopy to determine the active ingredients of Ophiopogonis radix and to distinguish the good from the bad. They submitted a draft to the Ph. Eur. Commission, which then sought opinions from experts from EU countries. The commission included the final standard in the pharmacopoeia after revising the draft several times. In another push for Chinese medicine to Europe, Prof Chen is working with the commission to establish quality standards for Phyllanthi fructus.<\/p>
New Platforms for Industry\u2011Academia Collaboration <\/p>
According to Prof Wang, the SAR government has approved the establishment of a TCM research centre in Macao, which is a joint project among UM, China Resources, Guangzhou Pharmaceuticals, and the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences. This centre will join SKL\u2011QRCM and ICMS to study and produce Chinese medicine, improve the quality of patent drugs, and develop TCM products on a global scale. They will push forward the commercialisation of their research outcomes with industrial partners to promote the TCM sector in Macao.<\/p>
In May 2021, UM established a research and development centre for Chinese medicine and translational medicine at the Zhuhai UM Science & Technology Research Institute. The centre will play a key role in UM\u2019s efforts to support technological innovations, the diversification of local industries, and the development of the Guangdong\u2011Hong Kong\u2011Macao Greater Bay Area into an international innovation and technology hub. Moreover, the SKL\u2011QRCM and the new TCM centre in Macao will work with pharmaceutical companies to meet the expectations of Macao SAR Chief Executive Ho Iat Seng. Following his instructions on research commercialisation, UM will give full play to the leading role of its state key laboratories, support the health industry and high\u2011tech industries with TCM as an initial focus, explore better mechanisms for industry\u2011academia collaboration, and gain vital experience for the commercialisation of other UM research outcomes. <\/p>
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