{"id":148858,"date":"2015-07-09T10:38:11","date_gmt":"2015-07-09T09:38:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.um.edu.mo\/sem-categoria\/2015\/07\/33771-pt_pt\/"},"modified":"2020-11-26T20:52:20","modified_gmt":"2020-11-26T12:52:20","slug":"33771","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.um.edu.mo\/pt-pt\/news-and-press-releases\/campus-news\/detail\/33771\/","title":{"rendered":"Translation? Cognition?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Source: umagazine<\/a><\/p>

<\/p>

Text: Yuanjian He\n& Steven D Li, FAH<\/p>

The University of Macau\u2019s (UM) Centre for Studies of Translation, Interpreting and Cognition\n(CSTIC) was inaugurated on 9 November 2014. UM Rector Wei Zhao, Vice Rector for\nStudent Affairs Haydn Chen, Prof William Shi-Yuan Wang from the Chinese\nUniversity of Hong Kong, and University System of Taiwan Chancellor Dr Ovid J L Tzeng, along with other guests, attended\nthe inauguration ceremony. UM has long offered translation and interpreting training\nprogrammes between various language pairs, including Portuguese and Chinese,\nEnglish and Chinese, and Japanese and Chinese. The training programmes include\na minor in translation, MA in Translation Studies, and PhD training in\nTranslation Studies (offered under the PhD in Linguistics programme). The\nestablishment of the CSTIC is expected to bring UM to a new level in teaching\nand research in the field of translation and interpreting studies.<\/p>\n\n

 <\/i><\/p>\n\n

Translation Is Everywhere<\/b><\/p>\n\n

Translation is as old as language itself.\nIf people who speak different languages want to communicate with one another,\nthey have to rely on the help of a competent translator or interpreter. It is\nsaid that Zhuge Liang, the famous statesman, ideologist and strategist during\nthe Three Kingdoms Period in ancient China, was accompanied by a translator during\nhis military campaign aimed to pacify the southern tribes. Another distinguished\nhistorical figure, Admiral Zheng He, was also accompanied by a translator\nduring his seven epic voyages to Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and Africa.\nSince the 1990s, China has experienced rapid economic growth amid the trend of\nglobalisation, and is now one of the major economic powers in the world. With\nthis comes an increasing demand for translators and interpreters in practically\nevery sphere of society, which has in turn fuelled the demand for the training\nof these professionals. UM\u2019s programmes in\ntranslation and interpreting were designed precisely for the purpose of\nequipping students with bilingual proficiency.<\/p>\n\n

 <\/p>\n\n

The Rise of Translation Studies<\/b><\/p>\n\n

In the 1970s, Translation Studies first\nrose as a new academic discipline. The discipline was started by European\nscholars and later spread to other parts of the world, including North America,\nAsia, and Australia. Translation Studies as an independent discipline has two\nmeanings. First, it means the construction of a theoretical system that studies\nthe process of translation, translated works, and the social and cultural\nfunctions of translated works. Thus done, training of translators can be conducted\nwithin the framework of the system following a set of principles instead of\nrelying on snippets of subjective experience sharing by individual translators.\nSecond, it means breaking away from tradition. Traditionally, translation\nStudies was a sub-discipline of Comparative Literary Studies. In China,\nliterary works translated from foreign languages into Chinese are taught in the\nChinese department as part of Foreign Literature Studies, which also deals with\nthe studies of the original texts of these translated works. Comparative\nLiterature Studies in the Chinese department is the comparative study of\nChinese literature and foreign literature. However, faculty members in the\nChinese department generally do not engage in the practice of translation.\nInstead, they use literary works which have been translated into Chinese by\nfaculty members in the department of foreign languages or professional\ntranslators as material for teaching and research. Also, Comparative Literature\nStudies in the Chinese department does not study the process of translation\nitself, because to do so one must have a good command of the foreign languages\ninvolved. As a result, comparative study of the process of translation and of\nthe quality of translated works falls on the shoulder of the department of\nforeign languages. Comparative Literature Studies in the department of foreign\nlanguages often means comparative studies of foreign literary works and their\ntranslated versions in Chinese, or comparative studies of Chinese literary\nworks and their translated versions in foreign languages. Interestingly, such a\ntranslated works-oriented two-way approach is also a widely adopted practice in\nChinese departments at foreign universities.<\/p>\n\n

 <\/p>\n\n

Translation Relies on the Brain<\/b>\u2019s Cognitive Function<\/b><\/p>\n\n

Throughout history, translation has served\na very practical purpose in teaching foreign languages to non-native speakers.\nYou want to learn a foreign language? Okay, let me teach you some new words and\ngrammar rules, and then let us do translation exercises in both directions over\nand over again. The more translation exercises you do, the more familiar you\nwill become with the language. The more difficult the content you can\ntranslate, the more you have progressed in the foreign language you are\nlearning. But the question is: what role do such translation exercises between\ntwo languages play in helping students grasp a language of which they had no\nknowledge to begin with? We have to understand that translation is not like\ntaking out a pen to do a piece of homework; it is a process that takes place\ninside the brain. In other words, the brain is where the translation is really done.\nIt does not matter who the translator or sponsor is, what the intention or\npurpose of translation is (be it for revolution, democracy, science, spread of\nthe gospel, or for the appreciation of literature), what the ideological\norientation is, or what the religious beliefs are. The conversion from the\nsource language to the target language must go through the brain. There is\nsimply no other way to accomplish this process. Translation is a mental\nactivity, or, to be exact, a cognitive process where linguistic signals\n(whether alphabetic or phonetic) are received by one\u2019s sense organs (such as the eyes or the ears), decoded by the brain,\nand then sent out again, also in the form of linguistic signals, but in a\ndifferent language. Because this process of conversion involves dealing with\nthe differences with respect to a number of factors, including linguistic\ncontexts, cultures, and ideologies, there is necessarily a process of \u2018integration\u2019 between when the signals are received\nand when the converted signals are transmitted, and this is what \u2018translation\u2019 means in the strictest sense of the\nword. <\/p>\n\n

To study the cognitive process of translation,\none must adopt the methodology of empirical sciences; that is, to\nsystematically collect, observe and analyse samples and then to systematically\ninterpret the results. In mature sciences such as physics, chemistry, biology\nand engineering, there are well-developed theoretical and methodological formulas\nin each of the three steps mentioned above. In disciplines such as psychology\nand linguistics, where the object of study concerns humans, there are also\nwell-developed theoretical and methodological formulas. This is especially true\nof experimental psychology. Moreover, as a result of the rapid development in\neconomic, scientific and technological realms over the past three decades,\nhigh-tech apparatuses are being used more widely than ever, greatly benefitting\nresearchers. For instance, high-performance computers, software that\nfacilitates research (such as statistical analysis programme, keylogger, etc),\neye trackers, EEG, MEG, PET, MRI, and the like were thought to be used by\nscientists only, but they are now used in Translation Studies.<\/p>\n\n

The input of one language and the output of\nanother in the process of translation (especially in interpreting) involves the\nvarious functions of the brain, especially the cognitive function. Therefore,\nit is impossible to study the process of translation without using these tools.\nScholars of the humanities use laboratory equipment to solve problems in their own\nfields (eg: using fMRI to scan the brain of a reader while reading literary\nworks), while scholars in science and technology use laboratory equipment to\nsolve problems related to the humanities (eg, Natural Language Processing,\nNLP). The infusion of the two seems to be the trend and a sign of the progress\nof society. Of course, one area where there is great potential to be tapped by\nscholars of Translation Studies, in the absence of their own specialised\nlaboratory equipment, is the construction of corpus, which could consist of\ntexts, recordings of interpretation, or transcripts of such recordings.<\/p>\n\n

 <\/p>\n\n

Using Corpus in Translation Studies<\/b><\/p>\n\n

Traditional corpus technologies come from\ncorpus linguistics and computational linguistics. The original purpose was to\ncollect a large body of natural language data in order to find grammar rules\nand language usage rules, especially morpheme- and phrase-related rules. Theoretically,\nthis approach deliberately defies the theory-oriented approach to the studies\nof languages (eg: it does not believe in the existence of universal grammar\nrules, and maintains instead that any language is a collection of set\nstructures.) Technically, a computer is generally able to search for forms,\nmorphemes, and phrases of a limited length. However, when it comes to searching\nfor sentences or linguistic units above the sentence level, the task becomes more\ndifficult for a computer, and this is when human annotations become necessary.\nResearchers making manual annotations is an unavoidable part of using corpuses\nin Translation Studies. This is because under most circumstances when we are\nstudying the texts (source text and translated text), we are not looking at\nmorphemes or words but mini-discourse units (MDU) composed of textual\nsentences. And this is a distinctive characteristic of using corpus in\nTranslation Studies. As for what kind of corpus should be constructed, that\ndepends on the purpose of the research.<\/p>\n\n

For instance, translation and interpreting\nare different in that the former is not subject to any time constraints (we don\u2019t know how much time the translator spent producing the\ntranslation), while the latter (especially simultaneous interpreting) must be\ndone under time pressure. What this means in the creation of corpuses is that\nif we are creating a corpus for the purpose of studying translation, then we must\nfind a minimum of two translated texts for each source text, not only because\nthat is the only way to identify cognitive patterns\u2014the common characteristics exhibited by different translators, but\nalso because this can rule out the role of the length of time spent producing the\ntranslated text in contributing to such commonality. A corpus for studying\ninterpreting, on the other hand, does not have to meet this \u2018one-to-many\u2019 requirement. The same time constraints\nrender the process basically the same regardless of who the interpreter is. In other\nwords, after identifying the factors that pertain to individual interpreters, a\none-to-one study is usually sufficient to reveal the commonality of the\nprocess. Of course, some other important questions, such as how we might\nconduct quantitative and qualitative analysis of the patterns automatically\ngenerated by the available corpuses, are too complex and involve too many\ntheoretical and methodological issues to be covered within the scope of this\narticle. Suffice it to say that with neuroscience advancing at an astounding\npace today, there has never been a better time to study the cognitive process of\ntranslation and interpreting.<\/p>

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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