{"id":148496,"date":"2018-06-21T18:14:00","date_gmt":"2018-06-21T17:14:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.um.edu.mo\/sem-categoria\/2018\/06\/45298-pt_pt\/"},"modified":"2020-11-26T20:19:17","modified_gmt":"2020-11-26T12:19:17","slug":"45298","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.um.edu.mo\/pt-pt\/news-and-press-releases\/campus-news\/detail\/45298\/","title":{"rendered":"Um Criminologista com Tr\u00eas Chaves para a Sua Vida"},"content":{"rendered":"

Source: umagazine<\/a><\/p>

If\nyou were in possession of three keys that can each open the door to a new phase\nin life, would you know when to use them? Prof Liu Jianhong from the University\nof Macau\u2019s (UM) Department of Sociology is one man who clearly does. He had a\nsteep climb up the ladder of success \u2013 from the \ufb02oor of a tyre factory to the\nacademic podium as an internationally renowned scholar of criminology. Winner\nof multiple awards, he received the 2016 Freda Adler Distinguished Scholar\nAward from the American Society of Criminology. Last year, he won the 2018\nGerhard O W Mueller Award, from the most authoritative body on the relevant\ndiscipline, the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, in recognition of his\noutstanding and longstanding contributions to comparative criminology and\ninternational criminology.<\/p>\n\n

 <\/p>\n\n

Unlocking Life’s First Door with His\nFirst Key<\/b><\/p>\n\n

Born\nin Ningxia, Liu was swept up in the tumultuous Cultural Revolution at the tender\nage of 11. With all schools shut down, idle children fell into small gangs,\npicking fights and causing trouble. Liu, then a fifth-grader, was no di\ufb00erent.\nIn one serious episode, he was taken to the Social Protection Department (now\nthe Police Station). When he reached age 14, schools reopened. He did not\nresume his fifth grade studies, but leapfrogged to the eighth grade, because\nthose in the younger age groups needed to be assigned to lower grades.<\/p>\n\n

After\nleaving school, Liu was assigned to work in a tyre factory in Ningxia. But he\nrefused to spend the rest of his life trapped in the 24-hour shift cycle of a\ntyre-production labourer. Boldly, he decided to teach himself the entire\nsecondary school syllabus for mathematics, physics, chemistry, literature,\nhistory, as well as other subjects after work, which took him four years to\ncomplete.<\/p>\n\n

An\nordinary rubber tyre may look simple. But multiple steps are necessary to\nmanufacture one, from high-temperature heating, pressurisation, and\nsulfurisation, before it passes the test for resiliency, strength,\nwear-resistance, and anti-corrosiveness. In his factory days, Liu often\nreminded himself that, he too, must undergo the vigorous process of being\ntempered and molded into market-ready condition.<\/p>\n\n

At\nthat time, the only way to get into university is through recommendation by the\nwork unit. In the only selection exam held in the factory, Liu was the first to\nfinish all four exam papers, when others were still struggling with one.\nHowever, he was not recommended for college but was instead transferred to the\nschool run by the factory.<\/p>\n\n

After\ntwo years as a high school teacher, Liu\u2019s lucky break finally came in 1977,\nwhen the then Vice Premier of the State Council Deng Xiaoping reinstated the\ncollege entrance examinations that had been mothballed for ten years. Millions of\nyoung people commenced a mad stampede to take the public exams. Liu, too,\nleaped at the opportunity. In doing so, he unleashed his dream that had been\ndormant and suppressed for a decade. He summed up that moment poetically, \u2018Like\ntempered steel, hidden and unused \/ I burned with a desire to be of use.\u2019 By\ngaining admission into the university, he cut the key that opened the door to a\nnew life. \u2018Those that got admitted into universities in 1977 and 1978 saw the\nopportunity as a miracle,\u2019 says Liu.<\/p>\n\n

 <\/b><\/p>\n\n

From a Science Major to a Major Force in\nCriminology<\/b><\/p>\n\n

Liu\nhas won a clutch of awards and honours. He has been elected to many famous\ninternational criminological bodies. Notably, he also founded the most\nimportant scholastic exchange platform in Asia for criminologists\u2014the Asian\nCriminological Society, of which he is the president. He is a prolific writer,\nwith 29 books to his credit as author, editor, or co-editor, 71 journal papers\n(of which 48 are SSCI\/Scoupus indexed), and 36 book chapters.<\/p>\n\n

Liu\u2019s\nundergraduate major was physics. Back then, students were sold on this slogan\n\u2018Learn well your math, physics, and chemistry, and you can go anywhere without\nfear or insecurity.\u2019 Liu too found himself in the grip of this fever and picked\nphysics. Post-graduation, he discovered, to his disappointment, that career\noptions in physics were severely limited. Physics was old school, with little\nroom for career development. Without a lab for high-grade research, success was\nhopelessly beyond reach. Tough o\ufb00ered a post to teach physics at Ningxia\nUniversity, Liu turned his mind to an alternative career path.<\/p>\n\n

 <\/b><\/p>\n\n

Cutting a Second Key to Life<\/b><\/p>\n\n

Proud\nthough he was in making a quantum leap from humble tyre factory worker to lofty\nphysics professor, Liu was far from content. He felt a di\ufb00erent inner drive.\n\u2018Having come through the social upheaval of the Cultural Revolution, I had\nthought long and hard about various social and political issues,\u2019 he says.\n\u2018After two years of teaching physics, I decided to change horses midstream and\napplied for an MA programme in philosophy of science.\u2019 Liu thus took a drastic\nturn–to a road not yet travelled, where he found unprecedented opportunities.\nIn 1979, China and the United States established diplomatic relations, ushering\nin a honeymoon period between the two countries. \u2018Nankai University invited\nmany American experts to deliver talks, giving me a chance to get to know\nsociology,\u2019 he says. \u2018In 1988, I earned a full scholarship to study in the US.\u2019<\/p>\n\n

Driven\nby his hunger for knowledge, Liu switched from being a science student to a\nphilosophy of science major, and then spent an additional ten years on another\ndetour into sociology. But even then, academically, he still had not found his\ntrue love. Tis ceaseless search, however, led him to cut his second key that finally\nopened the door to a new opportunity. During his stay in the US, it was not\nuntil after he completed his PhD degree that he began to develop a romance with\ncriminology. \u2018The State University of New York at Albany was known as the cradle\nfor criminology. Tat whi\ufb00 of intellectual excitement lured me into my lifelong\ninterest in this discipline, just when I was writing my thesis,\u2019 he recalls.\nDiscovering criminology was his second key, the key to a veritable treasure\nchest.<\/p>\n\n

He\nstayed in the US to dig deeper into criminology. He joined Rhode Island College\nin 1992, and spent 10 years there climbing the rungs from assistant professor\nto tenured full professor. But academic security alone did not satisfy him. He\nwanted more. He still burned with a desire to excel himself. The day before our\ninterview, Prof Liu attended the inauguration ceremony for UM\u2019s new rector\nYonghua Song. He was visibly moved by what Rector Song said in his official\nspeech, \u2018A university must be driven by its dream, and feed its soul on\nexcellence.\u2019 Tis apt statement captures the essence of his own life journey.\nHad he not embarked on his scorched-earth pursuit of self-actualisation, he\nwould probably still be toiling away in a tyre factory in his native Ningxia.<\/p>\n\n

 <\/b><\/p>\n\n

The Third Key\u2013 Returning to Asia<\/b><\/p>\n\n

In\n2007, the US was in the throes of a financial crisis. That same year, Liu came\nto UM as a visiting Fulbright Scholar. Near the end of his term, Faculty of\nSocial Sciences Dean Prof Hao Yufan invited him to stay. That was how Liu left\nhis comfort zone in the US where he had been ensconced for the past 15 years.\nBy staying, he traded America for Asia.<\/p>\n\n

In\nscanning UM\u2019s growth prospects, Liu can see that there is a rich vein of\nopportunity for Asian criminology. He puts it this way, \u2018Current criminological\ntheories are invariably based on American research and model. Whether these theories\napply to the Asian context is open to question. Case in point: East and West\ndi\ufb00er significantly in prison studies. In the West, they focus on how to manage\nthe prisons e\ufb00ectively. In the East, they care more about how to rehabilitate\nthe inmates, to prepare them for a new life. That\u2019s why I feel there is plenty\nof elbow room for criminological studies to grow in Asia.\u2019<\/p>\n\n

In\n2009, together with 50 experts and scholars from 14 Asian countries, Liu\nfounded the Asian Criminological Society, with UM as its home base. That same\nyear, he became the editor-in-chief of the Asian Journal of Criminology, which\nthis year became the first and only journal on criminology in Asia to be\nincluded in the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI).<\/p>\n\n

An\nimportant part of Liu\u2019s work is in developing criminological theories that are\napplicable to both East and West. \u2018Sociologists are fond of saying that\nsocialization and the environment have an impact on human behaviour. Political\nscientists, on the other hand, like to say that social con\ufb02ict, exploitation,\noppression, and inequality are the true causes of crime,\u2019 he says,\n\u2018Criminologists are never short of criminological theories. As for me, I believe\nthat one of my principal contributions is in advancing a \u2018relational approach\u2019\nto the study of criminal behaviour.\u2019 This is a new Asian paradigm which is\npredicated on the logic of cross-cultural comparisons. Existing theories in the\nWest have largely ignored the importance of cultural di\ufb00erences on the study of\ncrime and criminal justice, based as they are on the unchallenged assumption that\ntheories gestated in the Western environment are universally applicable. Liu\u2019s\nnew relationalism perspective takes issue with this prevalent assumption. It\nposits that the relational approach explains criminal behavior and society\u2019s\nreaction to criminal behaviour, of which the criminal justice system is one\nexample, in ways that Western individualistic perspectives alone cannot. Since being\npublished, his theory has been lauded by some famous criminologists. Liu is\nbusy working to refine his theoretical model, so that it can better highlight\nthe cultural perspectives of Asian and other non-Western societies.<\/p>\n\n

In\nbringing the interview to a close, Liu stresses that criminology is a\nwork-in-progress and a never-ending pursuit, with enormous import for\napplication. He hopes that by introducing this new paradigm internationally, it\nwill make contributions locally. In the past, he points out, there has been\nrelatively significant cooperation between the Macao government and the UM\nFaculty of Law. In the future, he says, \u2018I hope we will enjoy more cooperative opportunities\nwith our government on crime prevention in service of Macao.<\/p>

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Source: umagazineIf you were in possession of three keys that can each open the door to a new phase in life, would you know when to use them? 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